揀寬頻計劃嘅時候，經常會遇到一大堆英文縮寫同技術術語，令人眼花繚亂。FTTH 同 FTTB 有咩分別？Mbps 同 Gbps 點樣換算？Latency 點解咁重要？呢篇文章將會以中英對照嘅方式，全面解釋香港消費者最常遇到嘅寬頻術語，幫你做一個更精明嘅選擇。
When choosing a broadband plan in Hong Kong, you will encounter a barrage of technical acronyms and jargon. What is the difference between FTTH and FTTB? How do Mbps and Gbps relate? Why does latency matter? This comprehensive bilingual glossary explains every term Hong Kong consumers commonly encounter, empowering you to make smarter decisions.
術語按類別分組，方便查閱。你可以用瀏覽器嘅搜尋功能（Ctrl+F / Cmd+F）快速搵到你想了解嘅術語。
Terms are grouped by category for easy browsing. Use your browser's search function (Ctrl+F / Cmd+F) to quickly jump to any specific term.
速度與量度 Speed & Measurement
寬頻速度嘅基本單位。注意：Mbps（bits）同 MBps（bytes）唔同，1 MBps = 8 Mbps。所以 100Mbps 嘅寬頻，理論最快下載速度大約係 12.5 MBps。香港常見嘅住宅寬頻速度由 100Mbps 到 10,000Mbps 不等。
The standard unit for measuring broadband speed. Note that Mbps (bits) differs from MBps (bytes) — 1 MBps = 8 Mbps. A 100Mbps connection therefore downloads at roughly 12.5 MB per second in theory. Residential plans in Hong Kong typically range from 100 Mbps to 10,000 Mbps.
1 Gbps = 1,000 Mbps。香港目前主流高速計劃為 1Gbps（即 1000M）同 2Gbps（即 2000M），部分供應商已推出 10Gbps 計劃。
1 Gbps equals 1,000 Mbps. Mainstream high-speed plans in Hong Kong are 1 Gbps (1000M) and 2 Gbps (2000M), with some ISPs now offering 10 Gbps residential plans.
頻寬係指網絡連線喺同一時間可以傳輸嘅最大數據量，好似條水管嘅粗幼。頻寬大唔代表速度快 — 如果多人共用同一條「水管」，每個人分到嘅速度就會降低。
Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a connection at any given time — think of it as the diameter of a pipe. Higher bandwidth does not guarantee faster speed; if many users share the same pipe, each person's effective speed drops.
下載速度（Download）係指從互聯網接收數據嘅速率，例如睇片、瀏覽網頁。上傳速度（Upload）係指將數據發送到互聯網嘅速率，例如上載相片、視像通話。香港光纖計劃通常提供對稱速度（上下載一樣），但部分平價計劃嘅上傳速度可能較低。
Download speed measures how fast data travels from the internet to your device (streaming, browsing). Upload speed measures the reverse (uploading photos, video calls). Hong Kong fibre plans usually offer symmetrical speeds, though some budget plans may cap upload speed lower.
Latency（延遲）係指數據從你嘅裝置傳送到伺服器再返回所需嘅時間，以毫秒（ms）計算。Ping 就係測量延遲嘅方法。低延遲（例如 <10ms）對打機、視像通話非常重要。香港連線到本地伺服器通常 1-5ms，連到海外伺服器就視乎距離而定。
Latency is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from your device to a server and back, measured in milliseconds (ms). Ping is the tool used to measure it. Low latency (<10ms) is critical for gaming and video conferencing. Connections within Hong Kong typically have 1-5ms latency; overseas connections vary by distance.
Jitter 係指延遲嘅波動幅度。即使平均延遲好低，如果 Jitter 好大（忽高忽低），視像通話同打機嘅體驗都會變差，出現畫面卡頓、聲音斷續嘅情況。穩定嘅連線應該 Jitter 低於 5ms。
Jitter measures the variation in latency over time. Even with low average latency, high jitter (fluctuating ping) causes choppy video calls and laggy gaming. A stable connection should have jitter below 5ms.
共享比率係指有幾多用戶共用同一條線路。例如 50:1 即係最多 50 個用戶共享同一條頻寬。比率越低越好。商業專線通常係 1:1（獨享），住宅寬頻比率一般較高，繁忙時段速度會較慢。
The contention ratio indicates how many users share the same bandwidth. For example, 50:1 means up to 50 users share one link. Lower is better. Business leased lines are typically 1:1 (dedicated), while residential broadband has higher ratios, leading to slowdowns during peak hours.
獨享線路（Dedicated）代表頻寬由你一個客戶獨用，速度穩定唔受其他用戶影響，通常見於商業專線。共享線路（Shared）代表多個用戶共用頻寬，成本較低但繁忙時速度可能下降。香港大部分住宅寬頻都係共享制。
A dedicated line provides bandwidth exclusively for one customer — speed is consistent and unaffected by others, common in business leased lines. A shared line splits bandwidth among multiple users — cheaper but may slow down during peak periods. Most Hong Kong residential broadband is shared.
連線類型 Connection Types
光纖直接鋪設到你嘅住宅單位內，全程使用光纖傳輸，提供最高速度同最低延遲。呢個係香港目前最理想嘅寬頻接入方式，可支援 1Gbps 以至 10Gbps 速度。
Fibre optic cable runs directly into your home, providing the highest speeds and lowest latency with a full fibre path. This is the gold standard in Hong Kong, supporting speeds from 1 Gbps up to 10 Gbps.
光纖鋪設到大廈嘅機房或地下，然後用銅線（例如電話線或同軸電纜）連接到各單位。由於最後一段用銅線，速度通常上限為 100-200Mbps，受距離同線路質素影響較大。喺香港舊式大廈比較常見。
Fibre runs to the building's telecom room, then copper wiring (phone line or coaxial cable) connects to each flat. Because the last segment uses copper, speeds usually cap at 100-200 Mbps and are affected by distance and line quality. Common in older Hong Kong buildings.
FTTP 係一個廣義術語，泛指光纖直接連接到用戶物業（包括住宅或商業），實際上同 FTTH 概念相近。喺香港語境下，FTTP 通常等同 FTTH。
FTTP is a general term for fibre delivered directly to any premises — residential or commercial. In practice, it is nearly synonymous with FTTH. In the Hong Kong context, FTTP and FTTH are used interchangeably.
網絡基礎 Networking Fundamentals
DNS 就好似互聯網嘅電話簿，將你輸入嘅網址（例如 google.com）轉換成 IP 地址（例如 142.250.80.46），令電腦知道要連接去邊。DNS 反應速度會影響開網頁嘅速度。你可以改用公共 DNS（如 1.1.1.1 或 8.8.8.8）嚟提升體驗。
DNS acts as the internet's phone book, translating domain names (e.g., google.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 142.250.80.46) so your device knows where to connect. DNS response time affects how quickly web pages begin loading. Switching to public DNS services like Cloudflare (1.1.1.1) or Google (8.8.8.8) can improve performance.
IP 地址係每部連網裝置嘅唯一識別碼。動態 IP（Dynamic IP）由 ISP 自動分配，每次重新連線可能會改變，適合一般家用。靜態 IP（Static IP）係固定唔變嘅，適合架設伺服器或遠端存取，通常需要額外收費。
An IP address is the unique identifier for every internet-connected device. A dynamic IP is automatically assigned by your ISP and may change each session — sufficient for most home users. A static IP stays fixed, essential for hosting servers or remote access, and usually costs extra.
NAT 係路由器嘅一個功能，可以將你屋企多部裝置共用一個公共 IP 地址上網。路由器會記住邊部裝置發出咗邊個請求，將回應正確送返相應裝置。打機時經常聽到嘅 NAT Type（NAT 類型）就同呢個有關，NAT Type 1（Open）最理想。
NAT is a router function that lets multiple devices in your home share a single public IP address. The router tracks which device made each request and routes replies accordingly. Gamers often encounter NAT Type settings — NAT Type 1 (Open) is ideal for the best multiplayer experience.
端口轉發係喺路由器上設定特定嘅端口，將外部請求轉發到內部網絡嘅指定裝置。常用於架設遊戲伺服器、IP 攝影機、遠端桌面等需要從外部主動連入嘅應用。設定時需要注意安全，避免將唔必要嘅端口暴露喺互聯網上。
Port forwarding configures your router to direct incoming traffic on specific ports to a designated device on your local network. It is commonly used for game servers, IP cameras, and remote desktop access. Be cautious with security — only forward ports you actually need to avoid exposing your network.
QoS 係路由器嘅一個功能，可以設定唔同類型嘅網絡流量嘅優先次序。例如你可以將視像通話同打機嘅流量設為最高優先，確保即使其他人喺下載大檔案，你嘅通話同遊戲都唔會卡。
QoS is a router feature that lets you prioritize different types of network traffic. For example, you can give video calls and gaming the highest priority, ensuring they remain smooth even when someone else is downloading large files on the same connection.
PPPoE 係一種撥號上網協議，用戶需要輸入帳號同密碼先可以上網。香港部分 ISP（如 PCCW / HKT 嘅部分計劃）仍然使用 PPPoE。設定路由器時需要輸入 ISP 提供嘅用戶名同密碼。
PPPoE is a connection protocol requiring a username and password to establish an internet session. Some Hong Kong ISPs (e.g., certain PCCW/HKT plans) still use PPPoE. When configuring your router, you will need the credentials provided by your ISP.
DHCP 自動為你網絡內嘅裝置分配 IP 地址、子網遮罩、預設閘道等設定，令裝置可以即插即用上網，唔需要手動設定每部裝置。你屋企嘅路由器通常就係 DHCP 伺服器。
DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways to devices on your network, enabling plug-and-play connectivity without manual configuration. Your home router typically acts as the DHCP server for all connected devices.
硬件與設備 Hardware & Equipment
ONU / ONT 係安裝喺你屋企嘅小型裝置，負責將光纖信號轉換成電信號，再連接到你嘅路由器。ISP 安裝光纖寬頻時會提供呢個設備，通常有一個綠色燈表示光纖連線正常。如果綠燈變紅或者熄咗，代表光纖線路可能有問題。
The ONU/ONT is a small device installed in your home that converts fibre optic signals into electrical signals for your router. Your ISP provides it during installation. A green light typically indicates a healthy fibre connection; a red or off light suggests a line issue that requires an ISP technician.
Modem（調制解調器、俗稱「貓」）負責將 ISP 嘅信號轉換成你嘅裝置可以使用嘅數據。Router（路由器）負責喺你屋企嘅多部裝置之間分配同管理網絡連線。好多 ISP 提供嘅設備係 Modem + Router 二合一。如果你想用自己嘅高性能路由器，可以將 ISP 嘅設備設為 Bridge Mode。
A modem converts your ISP's signal into usable data. A router distributes and manages network connections among your devices at home. Many ISP-provided devices are combo modem-routers. If you want to use your own high-performance router, you can set the ISP device to Bridge Mode.
將 ISP 提供嘅 Modem/Router 設為橋接模式後，佢只會負責信號轉換，唔再處理路由、NAT、DHCP 等功能，將呢啲功能交俾你自己嘅路由器處理。好處係避免「雙重 NAT」嘅問題，提升網絡效能同自訂能力。
Setting your ISP modem/router to Bridge Mode makes it act solely as a signal converter, passing all routing, NAT, and DHCP duties to your own router. This avoids "double NAT" issues and gives you full control over your network configuration.
Wi-Fi 無線技術 Wi-Fi Technology
第五代 Wi-Fi 標準，使用 5GHz 頻段，理論最高速度約 3.5Gbps（多天線）。目前仍然係好多家庭路由器同裝置嘅主流標準，但正逐步被 Wi-Fi 6 取代。
The 5th generation Wi-Fi standard, operating on the 5GHz band with theoretical speeds up to ~3.5 Gbps (multi-antenna). Still widespread in many home routers and devices, but gradually being superseded by Wi-Fi 6.
第六代 Wi-Fi 標準，大幅提升咗多裝置同時連線嘅效能，支援 OFDMA、MU-MIMO 等技術。Wi-Fi 6E 更加入 6GHz 頻段，提供更多頻道同更少干擾。如果你屋企有十幾部裝置同時上網，Wi-Fi 6 路由器會帶嚟明顯改善。
The 6th generation Wi-Fi standard with major improvements for multi-device environments, supporting OFDMA and MU-MIMO. Wi-Fi 6E adds the 6GHz band for more channels and less interference. If your home has a dozen or more devices online simultaneously, a Wi-Fi 6 router delivers noticeable improvements.
最新一代 Wi-Fi 標準，理論最高速度可達 46Gbps，支援 MLO（Multi-Link Operation）可同時使用多個頻段傳輸，大幅降低延遲。適合對速度同穩定性要求極高嘅用戶，但目前支援 Wi-Fi 7 嘅裝置仲未普及。
The latest Wi-Fi generation with theoretical speeds up to 46 Gbps, featuring MLO (Multi-Link Operation) that simultaneously uses multiple bands for dramatically lower latency. Ideal for users demanding peak speed and stability, though Wi-Fi 7 device support is still emerging.
Mesh Wi-Fi 系統由多個節點（node）組成，覆蓋全屋嘅每個角落，解決傳統路由器信號覆蓋唔到遠處房間嘅問題。各節點之間會自動互相通訊，裝置喺屋企行動時會無縫切換到信號最強嘅節點。特別適合香港嘅大單位或複式單位。
A Mesh Wi-Fi system consists of multiple nodes that blanket your entire home in coverage, solving dead zones that a single router cannot reach. Nodes communicate with each other and seamlessly hand off devices to the strongest signal as you move around. Especially useful for larger Hong Kong flats or duplexes.
傳統路由器一次只能同一部裝置通訊，MU-MIMO 令路由器可以同時同多部裝置通訊，大幅提升多人同時上網嘅效率。Wi-Fi 5 支援下行 MU-MIMO（最多 4 部裝置），Wi-Fi 6 支援上下行 MU-MIMO（最多 8 部裝置）。
Traditional routers communicate with one device at a time. MU-MIMO allows the router to serve multiple devices simultaneously, greatly improving efficiency in busy households. Wi-Fi 5 supports downlink MU-MIMO (up to 4 devices); Wi-Fi 6 extends it to both uplink and downlink (up to 8 devices).
OFDMA 係 Wi-Fi 6 引入嘅技術，將一個 Wi-Fi 頻道分割成更小嘅子頻道，同時為多部裝置傳輸數據。可以理解為將一條大馬路分成多條行車線，令多架車可以同時行。特別適合多裝置同時進行輕量任務（如瀏覽網頁、IoT 設備）嘅場景。
OFDMA, introduced with Wi-Fi 6, divides a Wi-Fi channel into smaller sub-channels, enabling simultaneous data transmission to multiple devices. Think of it as splitting a highway into multiple lanes so several cars can travel at once. It excels in environments with many devices performing light tasks (web browsing, IoT devices).
傳統路由器向所有方向均勻發射 Wi-Fi 信號，Beamforming 技術令路由器可以偵測裝置嘅位置，將信號集中指向該裝置，提升信號強度同速度，同時減少對其他方向嘅干擾。
Traditional routers broadcast Wi-Fi signals uniformly in all directions. Beamforming technology allows the router to detect device locations and focus signals towards them, boosting signal strength and speed while reducing interference in other directions.
行業與監管 Industry & Regulation
提供互聯網接入服務嘅公司。香港主要 ISP 包括 HKT（PCCW / NETVIGATOR 網上行）、HKBN 香港寬頻、SmarTone、i-CABLE 有線寬頻、HGC 環電等。各 ISP 嘅網絡覆蓋範圍、價格、速度同服務質素都有所不同。
A company that provides internet access. Major Hong Kong ISPs include HKT (PCCW/NETVIGATOR), HKBN, SmarTone, i-CABLE, and HGC. Coverage, pricing, speeds, and service quality vary between providers.
OFCA 係香港嘅通訊監管機構，負責規管電訊及廣播業。消費者如果對 ISP 嘅服務有投訴（例如實際速度遠低於承諾、不合理收費等），可以向 OFCA 投訴。OFCA 網站亦有提供寬頻表現測試同相關資訊。
OFCA is Hong Kong's telecommunications regulator overseeing the telecom and broadcasting sectors. Consumers can file complaints with OFCA if their ISP delivers significantly lower speeds than advertised, imposes unreasonable charges, etc. OFCA's website also provides broadband performance tests and consumer information.
SLA 係 ISP 同客戶之間嘅正式協議，列明服務保證，包括最低速度、最長故障修復時間、賠償條款等。商業寬頻通常有較嚴格嘅 SLA（例如保證 99.9% 正常運作時間），住宅計劃嘅 SLA 一般較寬鬆或根本無明確 SLA。
An SLA is a formal agreement between an ISP and customer specifying service guarantees — minimum speed, maximum repair time, compensation terms, etc. Business broadband typically comes with strict SLAs (e.g., 99.9% uptime guarantee), while residential plans have looser or no explicit SLAs.
部分 ISP 嘅「無限用量」計劃其實有 Fair Usage Policy，即係當你嘅使用量超過某個隱藏上限（例如每月數 TB），ISP 可能會限速。簽約前一定要留意條款細則，了解有冇 FUP 同相關限制。香港大部分光纖計劃真正無限用量，但部分流動寬頻或衛星服務可能有 FUP。
Some ISPs' "unlimited" plans actually carry a Fair Usage Policy — if your usage exceeds a hidden threshold (e.g., several TB per month), the ISP may throttle your speed. Always read the fine print before signing. Most Hong Kong fibre plans offer genuinely unlimited data, but some mobile broadband or satellite services may enforce FUP.
總結 Summary
掌握呢啲寬頻術語，你就可以更有信心咁閱讀 ISP 嘅宣傳資料、比較唔同計劃、同技術支援溝通，甚至自己動手解決一啲基本嘅網絡問題。記住，最貴嘅計劃唔一定係最適合你嘅 — 關鍵係了解你嘅實際需要，然後搵到性價比最高嘅方案。
With this glossary in hand, you can confidently read ISP marketing materials, compare plans, communicate with technical support, and even troubleshoot basic network issues yourself. Remember, the most expensive plan is not always the best fit — the key is understanding your actual needs and finding the best value.
Bookmark this glossary so you can refer back whenever you encounter unfamiliar broadband jargon!